One of greatest composers during
the early 1800s was Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven’s music was bold and
powerful, combining several different styles in a single composition. There are
several theories that could provide very different ideas on what drove
Beethoven to be inspired to create so many masterpieces and to continue
composing after his deafness began. Beethoven may have been influenced by many aspects
of his life: including love, family drama, medical conditions, and depression
among other things.
Theories on Inspiration
There
are several theories which might shed light into what gave Beethoven the drive
to create music throughout his life. According to Amy Stevens in The Wall Street Journal, “His ailments
have prompted some wonder whether painkillers had something to do with his
creativity…. So far, though, his tests haven’t turned up any morphine, the
principal painkiller of the early 1800s.”[1]
Still, other theories suggest that Beethoven was an alcoholic. Other theories
suggest his deafness itself inspired him to create music. Also, his personal
relationships may have played a part.
Since there are many theories it
is also possible that each hold part of the truth. An article in The Economist discussing Beethoven’s
Symphony No. 3 Eroica suggests,
“Perhaps all these elements combined to produce the critical mass from which
the symphony erupted. We cannot know. We can only hear the results.”[2]
It could be that all of the events of his life inspired him, despite what they may
have entailed. Both the good and the bad may have influenced Beethoven to
become the man he was, as well as to create the music that he did.
Background
Beethoven
was born in Bonn, Germany on December 16, 1770. His grandfather and father were
both gifted with musical talent. It only seems natural that Beethoven would
inherit the family talent. His father forced him to take piano lessons, at four
years old, with the hope that Beethoven would become the next great composer of
his time. From there Beethoven’s love for music and genius only grew. At the
age of eight he held his first concert and at the age of thirteen he published
several pieces of music.
When Beethoven was seventeen he
visited Vienna, Austria for the first time to perform for Mozart in 1792. He
was later invited to live in Vienna as a student. Beethoven accepted and moved
to Vienna at the age of twenty-two and found a home in the city. He continued
to compose numerous pieces of music; such as concertos, symphonies, operas,
quartets, cannons, and much more. Beethoven became the first composer to work
independently, instead of for a wealthy family. A few of his friends had
insisted that he be allotted a yearly salary to continue to compose.
Personality
His different moods can be seen throughout
his correspondence. In a letter to his friend and publisher, Sigmund Anton
Steiner, an exchange of nicknames can be seen. Beethoven is often referred to
as a devil.[4] This
is the wisecracker that many of his close friends knew. Beethoven also had his
brutal moments. Angrily Beethoven scribbled obscenities over a letter of
resignation from his personal copyist, Ferdinand Wolanek.[5]
Friends
As his fame continued to grow so
did his number of friends and acquaintances. Beethoven’s friends were often influences
for his music as well. Beethoven occasionally sent cannons to friends along
with his letters and told them of how much he valued their friendship. In one
of his letters Beethoven shows how his friendships even invaded his dreams.
Beethoven told his friend, Tobias Haslinger, about a dream in which a Bible
came to him with Tobias’s name and the tune. After waking he recreated the tune
as a cannon.[6] This
is only one instance which Beethoven had dreams of friends, and other things,
which inspired his music.
Beethoven’s
friends continuously inspired him. Beethoven wrote to his childhood friend
Franz Gerhard Wegeler, “I can think that… my lines will astonish you—and yet,
although you do not have written evidence, you are always in my liveliest memory—For
a long time, among my manuscript, there is one that is meant for you and which
you will certainly receive this summer.”[7]
In this letter from 1810 Beethoven wrote of his excitement to send his friend
Wegeler information on his new music. Wegeler was a constant friend and
correspondent to Beethoven throughout his life.
Another one of Beethoven’s letters
shows how profound an inspiration those around him were to his creations. In
1815 Beethoven wrote a famous singer, Anna Milder. He apologized that he needed
to cancel an audition of Leonore,
which she was to sing in.[8]
Beethoven wrote the part of Leonore especially for Anna to sing, in his Leonore Symphony Number 3. Beethoven was inspired by other women in his
life as well.
Love
Like
many artists love is an enormous source of inspiration for their creations.
Beethoven was often infatuated with his students and acquaintances. One of his
many loves was Josephine Deym. They had a romance that lasted approximately three
years. In a letter to Josephine, Beethoven sends his feelings for her.[9]
Beethoven was intensely passionate and sometimes even inconsolable with his
feelings. In 1806, Josephine responded to Beethoven, after several years of
correspondence, telling him of her disapproval of his ignorant and jealous
behavior.[10] Beethoven’s
relationship with Josephine came to an end during this time.
Beethoven
wrote to his friend, Gerhard Wegeler in his hometown on Bonn regularly. In one
particular letter, in 1812, he asked Wegeler for his baptismal record.[11]
It is speculated that the reason for his
request is, because he may have had thoughts of proposing marriage. One large
problem for Beethoven was that he often fell in love with women above his
station. This means that most of the women around him were above his social
class. It is here in Beethoven’s often changing love life that it is realized
that his music was his only constant love; Beethoven never married. Despite his
various love interests, on and off, he was inspired by one to write the famous
“Immortal Beloved” letters. The “Immortal Beloved” letters were a collection of
love letters written to an unknown recipient.
Family
Beethoven
did not have a good personal relationship with everyone in his life. Beethoven’s
family was somewhat dysfunctional. His father, Johann van Beethoven, married
his mother, Maria Magdelena Keverich. Beethoven’s parents gave him five
siblings, two of which survived to adulthood Kaspar and Johann. Beethoven and
his father had an estranged relationship from the time of Beethoven’s childhood
and on. Instead, during Beethoven’s childhood he idolized his grandfather, whom
he was named after. Beethoven’s mother was the family’s head of the household, since
his father was continuously in his drink. Beethoven had loved his mother a
great deal. At the age of seventeen Beethoven’s mother died, followed only
several months later by his baby sister.
After his mother’s death his
father continuously tried to find ways to make Beethoven feel guilty. He schemed
to use Beethoven to make a profit, often just by begging for money. In some
ways Beethoven enabled him with this behavior. His father died when Beethoven
was twenty-two years old, soon after he moved to Vienna. After his father’s death
the family problems did not cease.
Beethoven’s younger brother, Kaspar,
also became a source of financial trouble. Kaspar even sold some of Beethoven’s
compositions, which were already promised to a publisher. Kasper died in 1812,
leaving behind his widow and son for Beethoven to look after. Afterward,
Beethoven was often in court with his sister-in-law, Johanna, fighting for custody
of his nephew, Karl.
He eventually won custody of Karl,
in 1816. Maynard Solomon discussed Beethoven’s feelings that may have inspired
his later work, “In actuality, Beethoven’s feelings of guilt at separating Karl
from his mother were a constant source of concern and pain to him.”[12]
Beethoven tried to keep Karl from his mother afterward, but was unsuccessful. Karl
often ran away to his mother. In 1826, Beethoven discovered his nephew’s plans
to committee suicide. Beethoven tried to stop him, but Karl attempted to end
his life. He was hospitalized and after a period of time Beethoven returned him
to his mother.
Deafness
Beethoven’s
sorrows were increased by health problems. Beethoven began losing his hearing sometime
between ages twenty-four and twenty-eight. Amanda Chan of Huffington Post wrote, “Beethoven’s deafness is attributed to
severe tinnitus, which is a sensation of ringing or noise in the ears.”[13]
It eventually led to his complete deafness by the time he wrote Symphony Number
9, in 1817. Beethoven confessed his secret in a letter to his friend Carl
Amenda. He told Carl, “Please keep as a secret what I have told you about my
hearing; trust no one, whoever it may be, with it.”[14]
Not only did he try to keep the condition a secret, but he began to withdraw
from people as well. He often secluded himself away from everyone. At one point
he even took time in the country to be away from everything.
As
he withdrew from society even more he wrote friends asking them to do his daily
tasks. In a letter to friend and fellow composer, Nikolaus Zmeskall in 1809, he
asked for quills for writing his compositions.[15]
It is unimaginable how a man of such great musical talent felt when he began to
lose the ability to hear what was most important to him. As his deafness
worsened and he withdrew more it gives a hint to something far deeper happening
to Beethoven.
Depression
Despite
Beethoven’s success in the music world he lived a very unhappy and lonely life.
He sank into a depression as a result of his worsening deafness. In 1801, he confides
in his friend Gerhard Wegeler, “You cannot believe how lonely, how sad I have
spent my life for the last two [sic] years, like a ghost, my weak hearing followed
me everywhere, and I fled [sic] people, I had to appear as a misanthrope to them.”[16]
Beethoven’s sorrows do not end here. Beethoven became much worse in the
following year.
In
1802, Beethoven became so depressed that he had considered committing suicide. After
he spoke to a friend he was advised to rest in Heiligenstadt, Germany. There
Beethoven decided to write about his feelings in a letter to his brothers, Johann
and Kaspar. This letter is now called the “Heiligenstadt Testament."
But what a
humiliation when one stood beside me and heard a flute in the distance and I
heard nothing, or someone heard the shepherd singing and again I
heard nothing, such incidents brought me to the verge of despair, but little
more and I would have put an end to my life - only art it was that withheld me,
ah it seemed impossible to leave the world until I had produced all that I felt
called upon me to produce, and so I endured this wretched existence - truly
wretched, an excitable body which a sudden change can throw from the best into
the worst state.[17]
Stomach Problems
Beethoven
suffered from medical conditions other than deafness and depression. Beethoven
constantly fell ill from stomach problems. An article in The Lancet stated, “There is enough evidence to suspect that
Beethoven’s gastrointestinal complaints were secondary to inflammatory bowel
disease, Crohn’s disease being more likely than ulcerative colitis”[18]
It is also suspected that he may have suffered from kidney stones. Beethoven’s
stomach and hearing problems were often the topic of discussion throughout his
correspondence with close friends.
Beethoven
was often wroth with pain and it occasionally impaired his ability to live a
normal life. He did not stop composing altogether, even with the continuous complications.
Anton Schindler spoke of this in his biography. “It is necessary, therefore, to
warn the reader that from this time [approximately 1809] until the close of the
second period [approximately 1813], of Beethoven’s life was marked by very few
noteworthy events. We must accustom ourselves to find him chained to his work-table
almost constantly for the next years, although his seriously impaired health
should have required frequent periods of repose.”[19]
Perhaps Beethoven’s constant physical ailments caused the bold and often angry feeling
of his symphonies.
Alcohol
Throughout
his depression, deafness, and other issues it can be assumed that he may have
used alcohol abundantly as an escape from both physical and mental pain. Beethoven
enjoyed drinking wine, and it is suspected that he may have become an alcoholic.
He often drank heavily and this could possibly be another resulting factor in the
changes throughout the compositions. It is the underlying issues that make it a
likely scenario for him to seek out his drink.
As seen from his father, Johann’s
addiction, it is suspected that alcohol abuse may have been inherited from his
father. The author of an online blog raised the question, “While it seems to be
in question whether or not Beethoven was an alcoholic, there is no doubt that
he was an abusive drinker—a trait that led
to his eventual demise.”[20]
Beethoven was knowledgeable enough to require an autopsy to be preformed upon
his death. Though, it was not a common practice for most people at the time; he
wanted his friends to find out the source of many of his many medical problems.
After his death on March 26, 1827, an autopsy was performed. Evidence suggests
that he died, in part, from cirrhosis of the liver.
World Events
Of all of the events in his life
both personal and medical, world events cannot be left out as a musical
inspiration. J. S. Shedlock explained one major event Beethoven witnessed Napoleon’s
attack on Vienna. “Of the horrors of war he had personal experience…. In 1805,
Vienna was occupied by French troops, and again in 1809 the city of Vienna was
bombarded and then occupied by Napoleon. The events of 1805 were unfavorable to
the success of his opera Fidelio, while those of 1809 greatly worried him…. How
far these and other events may have interfered with his art-creations is
difficult to determine; but the great works which he produced were surely in
part owing to the excitement of those times.”[21]
At
first Beethoven was inspired by Napoleon, though they had never met. Beethoven
admired many of Napoleon’s ideals. Erocia
had originally been dedicated to Napoleon. After Napoleon took over Vienna
things changed in the way Beethoven viewed him, and it is said he removed the
dedication from the Erocia manuscript.
His symphony Leonore was also revised
during Napoleon’s control of Vienna and eventually became known as Fidelio. John Gardener discussed
Beethoven’s feelings, “If Leonore
could be said to spring from that self which continually searches for the ideal
in the face of fear, Fidelio by
contrast, represents Beethoven’s more settled, static response to the tyranny
and injustice, freedom and self-sacrifice.”[22]
His experiences during the French takeover changed the opera into something far
more dramatic.
Beethoven
was inspired by many things, which inspired him to continue his work. Beethoven’s
personality and its varied moods in itself could have driven him to create such
music. His friends may have inspired him through their devotion to him. Love
may have inspired him as it does with artists of all kinds. His family sorrows
may have caused him to bring forth so much emotion anguish. Beethoven’s
worsening deafness may have itself been a factor. His depression and suicidal
thoughts may have impacted his musical style. His stomach problems may have
created so much agony that he used music as an escape. Alcohol may have also
been an important factor. Last, but not least events that took place with Napoleon
in Vienna may have also been an inspiration.
Not one aspect of Beethoven’s
life was solely responsible for his musical inspiration. There were many things
that changed Beethoven along the way. In the American Record Guide it is thought that, “There is more than one
Beethoven. Maybe that is the reason for his popularity.”[23]
When listening to his compositions it is seen that there is a change. Beethoven
must have been inspired by various different things.
Evidence suggests Beethoven was
inspired by all areas of his life. Things from medical issues, personal
relationships, and events took place to create a man of such great musical
genius. It did not matter what Beethoven faced throughout his life; he
continued to write music until his final days. In the end the man that was
inspired from so much, continues to inspire many others. His inspiration can be
felt today in the rock bands that are heard on the radio, as well as many
different musical genres. His inspiration is felt everywhere that music is heard.
ENDNOTES
ENDNOTES
[3] J. S. Shedlock,
Beethoven’s Letters a Critical Edition
(London: J. M. Dent, New York: E. P. Dutton), Internet Archive, accessed June
8, 2012.
http://www.archive.org/stream/beethovensletter01beet/beethovensletter01beet_djvu.txt
[4] Ludwig van
Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Billet
an Sigmund Anton Steiner, Wien, 29. Mai 1815, Autograph, Beethoven-Haus
Bonn Digital Archive, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012.
http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15260&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Cheerful%20Beethoven&_dokid=b513&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[5] Ferdinand Wolanek and Ludwig van
Beethoven, Ferdinand Wolanek, Brief an
Ludwig van Beethoven, Wien, zwishchen dem 23. und 26. Marz 1825, mit Anmerkungen
und einem Antwortentwurf Beethonvens, Autograph, Beethoven-Haus Bonn
Digitial Archive, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012.
http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15262&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Beethoven's%20professional%20world&_dokid=b39&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[6] Ludwig van
Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an
Tobias Haslinger, Baden, 10. September 1821, Autograph, Beethoven-Haus Bonn
Digital Archive, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15260&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Cheerful%20Beethoven&_dokid=b24&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[7] Ludwig van Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an Franz Gerhard
Wegeler in Koblenz, Wien, 2. Mai 1810, Autograph, Beethoven-Haus Bonn
Digital Archives, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012.
http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15257&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Famous%20letters%20as%20a%20short%20biography&_dokid=b203&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[8] Ludwig van Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an Anna
Milder-Hauptmann, Wien, vor dem 27. Februar 1814, Autograph, Beethoven-Haus
Bonn Digital Archive, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012.
http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15262&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Beethoven's%20professional%20world&_dokid=b1053&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[9] Ludwig van
Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an
Josephine Deym, Abschrift, Auszug, Beethoven-Haus Bonn Digital Archives,
Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012.
http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15257&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Famous%20letters%20as%20a%20short%20biography&_dokid=b654&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[10] Josephine Deym,
Josephine Deym, Brief an Ludwig van
Beethoven, Wien, vermutlich April 1806, Autograph, Konzept, Beethoven-Haus
Bonn Digital Archives, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15374&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Friends%20in%20Vienna&_dokid=b657&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[11] Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an Franz Gerhard Wegeler.
[12] Maynard
Solomon, Beethoven, Revised Edition
(New York: Schirmer Trade, 2001), 325.
[13] Amanda L. Chan,
“Beethoven’s Deafness May Have Influenced His Music Throughout the Years:
Study,” Huffington Post, December 25, 2011.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/25/beethoven-deafness-music_n_1163636.html
[14] Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770-1827;
Alfred Christlieb Kalischer, 1842-1909, Beethoven’s
Letters a Critical Edition, trans.
J. S. Shedlock (London: J. M. Dent, New York: E. P. Dutton), Internet
Archive, accessed May 31, 2012. http://www.archive.org/stream/beethovensletter01beet/beethovensletter01beet_djvu.txt
[15] Ludwig van
Beethoven, Ludwig van Beethoven, Billet
an Nikolas Zmeskall, Wien, moglicherweise 1809, Autograph, Beethoven-Haus
Bonn Digital Archive, Das Digital Beethoven-Haus, accessed June 1, 2012.
http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15259&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Beethoven's%20household&_dokid=b539&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
[16] Ludwig van
Beethoven, Beethoven and His Bonn Friend
Franz Gerhard Wegeler, trans. Frederick Noonan, Ludwig van Beethoven: The
Magnificent Master, Raptus Association for Music Appreciation, last modified
March 18, 2011. http://raptusassociation.org/beetfriends_e.html
[17] Ludwig van
Beethoven, “Heligenstadt Testament,” Ludwig van Beethoven’s Biography, trans.
Hannah Salter, accessed June 7, 2012.
http://www.lvbeethoven.com/Bio/BiographyHeiligenstadtTestament.html
[18] Adam K. Kubba
and Madeline Kim, “Ludwig van Beethoven: A Medical Biography,” The Lancet 247, no. 8995 (1996): 170.
http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/198978046/136C3A0106F192350AE/2?accountid=8289
[19] Anton
Schindler, Beethoven As I Knew Him,
trans. Constance S. Jolly (New York: Dover Publications), 154.
[20] “Famous Alcoholics: Beethoven?”
The Discovering Alcoholic, last modified December 17, 2008.
http://discoveringalcoholic.com/famous-alcoholics/famous-alcoholics-beethoven
[21] Shedlock, Beethoven’s Letters, 88.
[22] John Eliot
Gardener, Program Booklet (New York:
1996), quoted in Lewis Lockwood, “Beethoven’s Leonore and Fidelio,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History
(MIT Press, 2006), 474.
[23] Donald Vroon et al., “Overview:
Beethoven Symphonies and Concertos,” American
Record Guide, May 1995, 60.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827. Beethoven and His Bonn Friend Franz Gerhard Wegeler. Translated by Frederick Noonan. Ludwig van Beethoven: The Magnificent Master. Raptus Association for Music Appreciation. Last Modified March 18, 2011. http://raptusassociation.org/beetfriends_e.html Beethoven, Ludwig van. “Heligenstadt Testament.” Translated by Hannah Salter. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Biography. Accessed June 7, 2012. http://www.lvbeethoven.com/Bio/BiographyHeiligenstadtTestament.html
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827; Kalischer, Alfred Christlieb, 1842-1909. Beethoven’s Letters a Critical Edition. Translated by J. S. Shedlock. London, J. M. Dent. New York, E. P. Dutton. Internet Archive. Accessed May 31, 2012. http://www.archive.org/stream/beethovensletter01beet/beethovensletter01beet_djvu.txt
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Ludwig van Beethoven, Billet an Nikolaus Zmeskall, Wien, möglicherweise 1809, Autograph. Beethoven-Haus Bonn Digital Archives. Das Digital Beethoven-Haus. Accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15259&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Beethoven's%20household&_dokid=b539&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
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Beethoven, Ludwig van. Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an Josephine Deym, Abschrift, Auszug. Beethoven-Haus Bonn Digital Archives. Das Digital Beethoven-Haus. Accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15257&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Famous%20letters%20as%20a%20short%20biography&_dokid=b654&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Ludwig van Beethoven, Brief an Tobias Haslinger, Baden, 10. September 1821, Autograph. Beethoven-Haus Boon Digital Archives. Das Digital Beethoven-Haus. Accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=15260&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_eid=1507&_ug=Cheerful%20Beethoven&_dokid=b24&_mid=Written%20documents%20by%20Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%20and%20other%20people&suchparameter=&_seite=1
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